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Tenth edition

Charles H. Zastrow, MSW, PhD Professor Emeritus University of Wisconsin–Whitewater

Sarah L. Hessenauer Associate Professor University of Wisconsin–Whitewater

Social Work with Groups

C O M P R E H E N S I V E P R A C T I C E A N D S E L F – C A R E

empowerment series

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Social Work with Groups: Comprehensive Practice And Self-Care, Tenth Edition Charles H. Zastrow and Sarah L. Hessenauer

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To Kathy, My wife and soul mate

Contents Preface xv About the Authors xxi

Chapter 1 Groups: Types and Stages of Development 1 Historical Development of Group Work 1

Settlement Houses 1 Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) 2

Types of Groups 3 Social Conversation 3 Recreation/Skill Building 3 Education 3 Task 4 Problem Solving and Decision Making 5 Focus 5 Self-Help and Mutual Aid 5 Socialization 7 Treatment 8

Common Types of Treatment Groups 8 Psychoeducational Groups 8 Symptom Management Groups 9 Anger Management Groups 9 Life Skills Groups 9 Social Skills Groups 9 Process Groups 10 Stress Management Groups 10 Specialty Groups 10 Sensitivity and Encounter Training 13

Initial Development of Groups 15 Determining Objectives 15 Size 15 Open-Ended versus Closed-Ended Groups 16 Duration

Stages of Groups 17 Intake 17 Selection of Members 17 Assessment and Planning 17 Group Development and Intervention 18 Evaluation and Termination 18

Models of Group Development Over Time 18 Garland, Jones, and Kolodny Model 18 EXERCISE 1.1 The Garland, Jones, and Kolodny Model 20 Tuckman Model 20 EXERCISE 1.2 The Tuckman Model 21 Northen and Kurland Model 21 EXERCISE 1.3 The Northen and Kurland Model 22 Sequential-Stage Models of Group Development 22 Bales Model 23

Group Cohesion 23 EXERCISE 1.4 Variables that Affect Group Cohesion 24

Membership and Reference Groups 25 Breaking the Ice 26

EXERCISE 1.5 Understanding Membership and Reference Groups 26

Experiential Learning 27 Ethics and Guidelines for Conducting Exercises 27 Pitfalls to Avoid in Conducting Class Exercises 29

Summary 29 Group Exercises 29

EXERCISE A Getting Acquainted 29 EXERCISE B Introducing to a Partner 30 EXERCISE C Personal Expectations for the Group 30 EXERCISE D Searching for Descriptors 30 EXERCISE E Why I Decided to Be a Social Worker 31

Competency Notes 31 Key Terms and Concepts 31

Chapter 2 Social Group Work and Social Work Practice 32 Definition of Social Work 32 Relationship Between Social Work and Social

Welfare 33 What Is the Profession of Social Work? 34 Generalist Social Work Practice 34

EXERCISE 2.1 Your Areas of Interest in Social Work 35 A Variety of Roles 36

Enabler 36

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Broker 36 Advocate 36 Empowerer 37 Activist 37 Mediator 37 Negotiator 37 Educator 37 Initiator 38 Coordinator 38 Researcher 38 Group Facilitator 38 Public Speaker 38

A Systems Perspective 38 EXERCISE 2.2 Your Interest in Various Social Work Roles 39

Medical Model Versus Ecological Model 40 Medical Model 40 EXERCISE 2.3 Understanding the Major Mental Disorders 41 Ecological Model 41 EXERCISE 2.4 Understanding the Medical Model and the Ecological Model 44

Goals of Social Work Practice 44 Goal 1: Enhance the Clients’ Problem-Solving, Coping, and Developmental Capacities 44 Goal 2: Link Clients with Systems that Provide Resources, Services, and Opportunities 44 Goal 3: Promote the Effective and Humane Operation of Systems that Provide Resources and Services 45 Goal 4: Develop and Improve Social Policy 45 Goal 5: Promote Human and Community Well-Being 45 EXERCISE 2.5 Your Interest in Achieving the Goals of Social Work 46 EXERCISE 2.6 Applying the Problem-Solving Approach 47

A Problem-Solving Approach 47 Strengths Perspective 47

EXERCISE 2.7 The Strengths Perspective Applied to a Homeless Family 50

Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Practice 51 Social Casework 51 Case Management 51 Group Work 52 Group Treatment 53 Family Treatment 53 Community Organization 53 Policy Analysis 54 EXERCISE 2.8 Identifying Your Interest in Various Social Work Activities 54 Administration 55

Knowledge, Skills, and Values Needed for Social Work Practice 55 Social Work Competencies 55

Social Group Work as a Component of Social Work Practice 59

Summary 59

Group Exercises 60 EXERCISE A Options Planning 60 EXERCISE B Social Work with Groups and Generalist Practice 61 EXERCISE C Assessing Social Work Competencies and Behaviors in Field Placement 62 EXERCISE D Social Work Value Issues 66 EXERCISE E Olga and Igor 69 EXERCISE F Genie and the Magic Lantern 69 EXERCISE G Pregnancy and Tragedy 70

Competency Notes 70 Key Terms and Concepts 71

Chapter 3 Group Dynamics: Leadership 72 Approaches to Leadership 72

The Trait Approach 72 EXERCISE 3.1 The Charismatic Leader 74 The Position Approach 74 The Leadership-Style Approach 75 EXERCISE 3.2 Machiavellian Leaders 75 The Distributed-Functions Approach 76 EXERCISE 3.3 Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-Faire Leaders 77 Servant Leadership Approach 77 EXERCISE 3.4 Applying the Distributed-Functions Approach 78 EXERCISE 3.5 Servant Leaders 79

Leadership Roles 80 Task and Maintenance Roles 80 Other Roles 81 EXERCISE 3.6 Your Task and Maintenance Contributions to a Group 82

Power and Influence in Groups 82 Power Bases in Groups 83

Reward Power 83 Coercive Power 84 Legitimate Power 84 Referent Power 84 Expert Power 84 EXERCISE 3.7 The Power Bases in This Class 85

Effects of Unequal Power 86 Coleadership of a Group 87

Advantages 87 EXERCISE 3.8 Groups of Equal Power and Unequal Power 88 Disadvantages 89

Guidelines for Forming and Leading a Group 89

Contents vii

Homework 89 Planning a Session 91 Relaxing Before You Start a Meeting 91 Cues upon Entering the Meeting Room 92 Seating Arrangements 92 Introductions 92 Clarifying Roles 93 Agenda 93 Additional Guidelines for Leading a Group 93

Standards for Social Work Practice with Groups 94

Strengths-Based Leadership 101 Summary 101 Group Exercises 102

EXERCISE A Desensitizing Fears of Leading a Group 102 EXERCISE B Task Functions and Group Maintenance Functions 102 EXERCISE C Power Bases 103 EXERCISE D Leading a Group 104

Competency Notes 104 Key Terms and Concepts 105

Chapter 4 Group Dynamics: Goals and Norms 106 Setting Personal and Group Goals 106

Personal Goals 107 EXERCISE 4.1 Identifying Your Personal Goals 107

Hidden Agendas 108 EXERCISE 4.2 Hidden Agendas and Their Effects 108

Establishing Group Goals 109 Operational and Measurable Goals 110 EXERCISE 4.3 Group Goals and Personal Goals in This Class 111

Competition Versus Cooperation 112 EXERCISE 4.4 The Effects of a Competitive Group Member 113

The Nominal Group Approach 114 Group Norms 115

How Norms Are Learned and Developed 116 EXERCISE 4.5 Group Norms in This Class 117

Conformity 118 EXERCISE 4.6 Your Yielding to Group Pressure 120 Do’s and Don’ts of Norms 121 EXERCISE 4.7 Understanding Idiosyncrasy Credits 121 Problems of Conformity 122

Types of Disruptive Behavior 122 The Bear 122 The Eager Beaver 122 The Clown 123

The Psychoanalyzer 123 The Withholder 123 The Beltliner 124 The Guiltmaker 124 The Catastrophe Crier 124 The Subject Changer 124 The Whiner 124 The Benedict Arnold 124 The Trivial Tyrannizer 124 The Shirker 124 The Power Grabber 125 The Paranoiac 125

Handling Disruptive Behavior 125 Minimizing Disruptiveness 125 Leader Confrontation 126 Group Confrontation 126

Reducing the Likelihood of Disruptive Behavior 127 EXERCISE 4.8 Handling Disruptive Behavior of a Group Member 128

Summary 129 Group Exercises 130

EXERCISE A Setting Personal and Group Goals 130 EXERCISE B A Sphinx Foundation Grant 131 EXERCISE C The Nominal Group Approach 131 EXERCISE D Identifying and Changing Group Norms 132 EXERCISE E An Ornery Instructor 133 EXERCISE F How Group Decisions Affect Values 133 EXERCISE G Confrontation and I-Messages 135 EXERCISE H Confronting and Being Confronted by Others 135

Competency Notes 136 Key Terms and Concepts 137

Chapter 5 Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 138 A Model of Communication 138

One-Way Communication 139 Two-Way Communication 140 EXERCISE 5.1 The Emotional Effects of One-Way Communication 141 Culture and Communication 142

Perception 142 The Perceptual Process 142 Physiological Influences 143 Sociopsychological Influences 144 EXERCISE 5.2 Using Defense Mechanisms 146 EXERCISE 5.3 Defensive Communication 147

Self-Disclosure 149 The Johari Window 150

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EXERCISE 5.4 Feeling Good After Self-Disclosure 150 EXERCISE 5.5 Johari Windows 152

How to Communicate Effectively 153 Sender 153 Receiver 153 Listening Skills 154 Active Listening 154 I-Messages 155 EXERCISE 5.6 Learning to Use I-Messages 156 Collisions of Values 157 Technology and Groups 157 EXERCISE 5.7 Resolving Collisions of Values 158

Nonverbal Communication 159 Functions of Nonverbal Communication 159 EXERCISE 5.8 Interpreting Nonverbal Cues 160 Forms of Nonverbal Communication 161 Personal Boundaries 165 Territoriality 166 Voice 167 Physical Appearance 167 EXERCISE 5.9 Reading Nonverbal Cues 168 Environment 169 Other Nonverbal Cues 170

Summary 170 Group Exercises 171

EXERCISE A The Johari Window 171 EXERCISE B Defense Mechanisms 171 EXERCISE C Distortions in Transmitting Information 171 EXERCISE D The Intruder 172 EXERCISE E Active Listening 173 EXERCISE F My Nonverbal Communication 173 EXERCISE G Nonverbal Cues 174 EXERCISE H A Popular Faculty Member 174 EXERCISE I Double Messages 174 EXERCISE J The Flat Tire 175 EXERCISE K Communicating While Blindfolded 175 EXERCISE L Giving and Receiving Feedback About Nonverbal Communication 176 EXERCISE M Zones of Personal Space 176

Competency Notes 177 Key Terms and Concepts 177

Chapter 6 Task Groups 178 A Variety of Task Groups 178 Guidelines for Leading Task Groups 179

Establishing the Group’s Purpose 179 Potential Sponsorship of the Task Group 179 Selecting Potential Members 179 Recruiting Members 179 Size of the Group 179 Orienting Members to the Group 180

Meeting Place and Room 180 First Meeting 180 Working with Resistive and Disruptive Members 180 The Middle Stages 181 Adjourning a Meeting 181 Evaluating and Terminating 181 EXERCISE 6.1 Successful and Unsuccessful Group Experiences 182

Problem-Solving Approach 183 Identification and Definition 183 Assessment of Size and Causes 184 Development of Alternative Strategies 184 Assessment of Strategies 184 Selection and Implementation 184 Evaluation 184

Barriers to Effective Problem Solving 185 Inadequate Definitions 185 Invalid Hypotheses 185 Poor Communication 185 Lack of Skills 185 Lack of Resources 185 Lack of Motivation 185 Personality Differences 186

Brainstorming 186 Conflict 187 Techniques for Resolving Conflicts 187

Win-Lose Approach 187 EXERCISE 6.2 My Tolerance for Conflicts 188 No-Lose Problem Solving 189 Role Reversal 190 EXERCISE 6.3 Creativity Inspired by Conflict 191 Empathy 191 Inquiry 191 I-Messages 192 Disarming 192 Stroking 192 Letting Go or Forgiving 192 Mediation 192 EXERCISE 6.4 Disarming and Stroking 193 What If These Strategies Do Not Work? 195

Intergroup Conflict 196 EXERCISE 6.5 Resolving Your Conflicts Effectively 196

Decision Making 199 The Bases of Decisions 199

Approaches to Decision Making 200 Consensus 200 Simple Majority Vote 201 Two-Thirds or Three-Fourths Majority Vote 201 Delegated Decisions 202 Multiple Voting 202 Averaging Individual Opinions 203

Group Versus Individual Decision Making 203 Groupthink 204

EXERCISE 6.6 My Groupthink Experience 205

Contents ix

Summary 206 Group Exercises 207

EXERCISE A Suspended from High School 207 EXERCISE B Brainstorming 208 EXERCISE C Busing to Achieve Racial Integration 208 EXERCISE D Creative Thinking 210 EXERCISE E The Manhattan Glass 210 EXERCISE F Brainteasers 211 EXERCISE G Resolving Conflicts 212 EXERCISE H Funding Social Programs Involves Hard Choices 213 EXERCISE I Consensus 214 EXERCISE J Subjective Influences on Merit Raises 214

Competency Notes 216 Key Terms and Concepts 216

Chapter 7 Working with Diverse Groups 217 Definitions of Key Terms 217

EXERCISE 7.1 Some of My Stereotypes 219 Stereotyping and Multiculturalism:

A Perspective 221 Your Stereotypes and Preconceptions 222

EXERCISE 7.2 Questionnaire about Gays and Lesbians 223 Knowledge About Diverse Groups 225 Working with the LGBTIQQ Population in

Groups 228 Posture of Reciprocity 229 Which Intervention Techniques Work? 229

EXERCISE 7.3 Victimized in Iran 230 Anger Management 231 Cultural Communication 231

Ethnic-Sensitive Practice 233 Empowerment 234 Strengths Perspective 234

Culturally Competent Practice 234 EXERCISE 7.4 Cultural Competence in Social Work Practice 235

Cultural Humility 236 The Rap Framework Fob Leading Multiracial

Groups 238 Recognize 238 Anticipate 239 Problem-Solve 239

Feminist Intervention 240 Principles of Feminist Therapy 241 EXERCISE 7.5 Feminist Intervention 243 Using Feminist Intervention in Groups 243

Group Development Stages in Women’s Groups 245 Second Stage—Establishing a Relational Base 246 Third Stage—Mutuality and Interpersonal Empathy 246 Fourth Stage—Challenge and Change 246

Summary 246 Group Exercises 248

EXERCISE A Coming Out of the Closet 248 EXERCISE B Spaceship to Futura 248 EXERCISE C Feminist Intervention in Counseling 249 EXERCISE D Are You a Feminist? 249 EXERCISE E Double Standards 250 EXERCISE F Understanding Stereotypes 250

Competency Notes 251 Key Terms and Concepts 251

Chapter 8 Self-Help Groups 252 Mended Hearts: An Example 252 Definition and Characteristics 253 Classification of Self-Help Groups 254

Katz and Bender Classification 254 Powell Classification 255

Benefits of Self-Help Groups 255 Linkage with Social Workers 256

EXERCISE 8.1 Merits and Shortcomings of a Self-Help Group 257

Starting a Self-Help Group 258 Online Self-Help Groups 260

EXERCISE 8.2 Checking Out Outline Self-Help Groups 261 EXERCISE 8.3 Using the American Self-Help Group Clearinghouse 263

Summary 264 Group Exercises 265

EXERCISE A Alcoholics Anonymous 265 EXERCISE B Combating Terrorism 265

Competency Notes 265 Key Term and Concept 265

Chapter 9 Social Work with Families 266 Diversity of Family Forms 266

EXERCISE 9.1 Composition and Strengths of My Family 268

Societal Functions of Families 269

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Family Assessment 269 The Eco-Map 269 EXERCISE 9.2 An Eco-Map of My Family 272 The Genogram 272 EXERCISE 9.3 A Genogram of My Family 275

Aspects of Families for Workers to Focus On 276 Verbal Communication Patterns 277 EXERCISE 9.4 Analyzing Verbal Communication Patterns in Families 278 Nonverbal Communication Patterns 279 EXERCISE 9.5 Analyzing Nonverbal Communication Patterns in Families 279 Family Roles of Members 280 Personal Goals and Family Goals 280 EXERCISE 9.6 Functional Roles and Problematic Roles in Families 281 EXERCISE 9.7 Personal Goals, Family Goals, and Hidden Agendas 282 Norms and Cultural Values 283 EXERCISE 9.8 Norms and Cultural Values in Families 284

Family Problems and Social Work Services 286 Family Problems 286 EXERCISE 9.9 Challenges Faced by My Family 287 Social Work Services 288

Summary 292 Group Exercises 292

EXERCISE A Family Counseling 292 EXERCISE B You and Your Family 293 EXERCISE C Analyzing Your Family in Terms of Group Concepts 294

Competency Notes 295 Key Term and Concept 296

Chapter 10 Organizations, Communities, and Groups 297 Organizations 297 The Relationship Between a Group and

an Organization 298 EXERCISE 10.1 Refuting Our Organizational Myths 298

Models of Organizations 299 The Autocratic Model 299 The Custodial Model 300 EXERCISE 10.2 Working for an Autocratic Boss 300 The Scientific Management Model 302 The Human Relations Model 302 Theory X and Theory Y 303 The Collegial Model 304 EXERCISE 10.3 Working for Theory X versus Theory Y Managers 304

Theory Z 306 Management by Objectives 306 Total Quality Management 307 EXERCISE 10.4 Applying Concepts of Models of Organizations 308

The Relevance of Theory X and Theory Y for Social Workers 309

Knopf ’s Bureaucratic System Model and Theory X 310 EXERCISE 10.5 Your Orientation toward Bureaucratic Systems 313

Organizational Effectiveness: Structure Versus Leadership Competency 314

Communities, Organizations, and Groups 315 EXERCISE 10.6 Enjoying and Appreciating a Community 316 EXERCISE 10.7 Analyzing Your Home Community 318

Models of Community Practice 319 Locality Development Model 319 Social Planning Model 319 Social-Action Model 320

Building and Sustaining Community Assets 323

Skills for Macro Practice 323 Evaluating Outcomes 325 Fundraising 325 Budgeting 326 Working with the Media 326 Conducting a Needs Assessment 326

Summary 327 Group Exercises 328

EXERCISE A Analyzing a Human Services Organization 328 EXERCISE B Understanding and Applying Models of Organizations 329 EXERCISE C Theory X and Theory Y 329 EXERCISE D Appreciating Communities 329 EXERCISE E Analyzing a Community 329 EXERCISE F Analyzing Community Change 330 Questions 330 Competency Notes 330 Key Terms and Concepts 331

Chapter 11 Educational Groups: With a Focus on Self-Care 332 Educational Groups 332 Define Self-Care 332 Importance of Managing Stress 333 Conceptualizing Stress 333

Contents xi

EXERCISE 11.1 My Physiological Reactions to High Levels of Stress 334 Reactions to Stress 335 Stressors 335 EXERCISE 11.2 My Stress-Related Illnesses 336 Optimal Levels of Stress 337

Long-Term Distress 337 EXERCISE 11.3 Events and Self-Talk as Stressors 339

Burnout 341 EXERCISE 11.4 A Time When I Burned Out 342 Structural Causes of Burnout 342 Burnout and Compassion Fatigue 344

Managing Stress 344 Goal Setting and Time Management 344 Set Goals 345 Prioritize Goals 345 List Tasks for A Goals 345 Prioritize Tasks 346 Schedule Tasks 346 EXERCISE 11.5 My High-Value Goals and Tasks 346 Relaxation 347 Mindfulness 348 Exercise 349 Taking Care of Your Physical Self 349 Social Support Groups 349 Talking to Others 349 Positive Thinking 349 Compassion Satisfaction 350 Changing Stress-Producing Thoughts 350 Law of Attraction 351 EXERCISE 11.6 Qualities I Admire in Others 352 Changing or Adapting to Distressing Events 352 Personal Pleasures 353

Overcoming Procrastination 353 Swiss Cheese Approach 353 EXERCISE 11.7 Ending My Procrastination 354 Other Suggestions 355 EXERCISE 11.8 Stress Management Techniques for Me 355 EXERCISE 11.9 Developing a Self-Care Improvement Plan 356

Summary 357 Group Exercises 357

EXERCISE A Resolving Current Stressors 357 EXERCISE B Relaxation through Meditation 358 EXERCISE C Setting High-Value Goals and Tasks 360 EXERCISE D Time Diagram 361 EXERCISE E Ending Procrastination 361

Competency Notes 362 Key Terms and Concepts 362

Chapter 12 Treatment Groups 363 Starting, Leading, and Ending Treatment

Groups 363 Preparation and Homework 363

EXERCISE 12.1 My Concerns about Participating in a Treatment Group 365 EXERCISE 12.2 My Concerns about Co-facilitating a Treatment Group 366

Relaxing before Starting a Session 367 Cues Upon Entering the Meeting Room 367

Strategies for Working with Hostile, Involuntary Members 367

Seating Arrangements 368 Introduction 368 Clarifying Roles 369 Building Rapport 370

EXERCISE 12.3 The Helper Therapy Principle 370 Exploring Problems in Depth 371

EXERCISE 12.4 Using Tact in Treatment Groups 372 Exploring Alternative Solutions 373 Stages of Group Development 376 Ending a Session 379 Ending a Group 380 Co-Facilitating Treatment Groups 383 Legal Safeguards for Group Facilitators 384 Setting Professional Boundaries With

Clients 385 EXERCISE 12.5 Boundaries with Clients 386

The Therapeutic Factors: What it is That Heals 387 EXERCISE 12.6 What Causes Positive Changes through Counseling 389

Selecting Intervention Strategies: Evidence- Based Practice 389

Summary 391 Group Exercises 392

EXERCISE A Developing Counseling Skills with Role-Playing 392 EXERCISE B Group Treatment in Action 392 EXERCISE C Facilitating an Intervention Group 393 EXERCISE D Who Am I? 394 EXERCISE E The Miracle Workers 395 EXERCISE F Clients I Would Find Difficult to Work With 396 EXERCISE G Feeling Good about Ourselves 397 EXERCISE H Self-Fulfilling Prophecies 397

Competency Notes 398 Key Terms and Concepts 399

Contentsxii

Chapter 13 Treatment Groups with Diverse and Vulnerable Populations 400 Introduction 400 Group Work with Adolescents 401

EXERCISE 13.1 Anger Management Group 403 EXERCISE 13.2 “Own Your C.R.A.P. ” 405

Group Work with People who have an Eating Disorder 407 EXERCISE 13.3 Body Image Group 408 EXERCISE 13.4 Fear Food Group 410 EXERCISE 13.5 Mirror Reflection Image Group 411

Group Work with Individuals Affected by Domestic Violence 412 Group Work with Victims of Domestic Violence 413 Group Work Exercises with Victims of Domestic Violence 414 EXERCISE 13.6 Empowerment Role-Play 414 EXERCISE 13.7 Safety Planning 416 Group Work with Children and Other Witnesses of Domestic Violence 419 Group Work Exercises with Children and Other Witnesses of Domestic Violence 420 EXERCISE 13.8 Feeling Identification Exercise 420 EXERCISE 13.9 Stress Relief and Deep-Breathing Exercise 422 Group Work with Offenders of Domestic Violence 424 Group Work Exercises with Offenders 425 EXERCISE 13.10 “Bail Out” Exercise 425 EXERCISE 13.11 Empathy Role-Play 428

Group Work with People Who Are Grieving 429 Stage One: Denial 430 Stage Two: Rage and Anger 430 Stage Three: Bargaining 430 Stage Four: Depression 430 Stage Five: Acceptance 430

Westberg Model 431 Shock and Denial 431 Emotions Erupt 431 Anger 431 Illness 431 Panic 431 Guilt 431 Depression and Loneliness 431 Reentry Difficulties 432 Hope 432 Affirming Reality 432

Grief Management in Groups 432 EXERCISE 13.12 Coping with a Loss 433 EXERCISE 13.13 Recognizing That Life Is Terminal 435

EXERCISE 13.14 Achieving Closure in a Lost Relationship 439 EXERCISE 13.15 Epitaphs 440

Group Work with Older Adults 441 Introduction 441 How Group Work Can Be Used with Older Adults 442 Reality Orientation 443 Validation Therapy 443 Remotivation Therapy 443 Reminiscence Groups 443 Topic-Specific Groups 444 Health-Related Groups 444 Groups for Family Members 444 Psychotherapy Groups 444 EXERCISE 13.16 Things That Go Together 445 EXERCISE 13.17 Would You Rather? 447 EXERCISE 13.18 Balloon Pop and Reminisce 448

Summary 449 Group Exercises 450

EXERCISE A Designing a Group Treatment Exercise 450 Competency Notes 450 Key Terms and Concepts 450

Chapter 14 Termination and Evaluation of a Group 451 Termination 451

EXERCISE 14.1 The Emotions Involved in Leaving a Group That Is Important to You 452 Termination of a Successful Group 453 Termination of an Unsuccessful Group 453 A Member Dropping Out 454 EXERCISE 14.2 The Experience of Being Rejected 455 Transfer of a Member 456 The Leader’s Leaving 456 EXERCISE 14.3 The Experience of a Significant Person Leaving 457

Evaluation 457 Process Evaluation 457

EXERCISE 14.4 Your Process Evaluation of a Group 458 Outcome Evaluation 459

EXERCISE 14.5 Applying Single-Subject Design to Alleviating One of Your Bad Habits 462 EXERCISE 14.6 Applying a Satisfaction Questionnaire to a Group You Participated In 464

Summary 466 Group Exercises 466

EXERCISE A Evaluating and Ending the Class 466 EXERCISE B Final Exam, Leading a Treatment Group 467

Competency Notes 469 Key Terms and Concepts 469

Contents xiii

Appendix 1 Group Treatment Theories Resource Manual (GTTRM) 471 Counseling Versus Therapy/Psychotherapy 471

MODULE 1 Rational Therapy in Groups 473 Albert Ellis 473 Theory of Rational Therapy 473

EXERCISE M1.1 Our Self-Talk Causes Our Emotions 475 Changing Unwanted Emotions 477

Meaningful Activity 478 Changing Self-Talk 478

EXERCISE M1.2 Using Meaningful Activities to Change Unwanted Emotions 479 Changing the Distressing Event 480 EXERCISE M1.3 Changing Unwanted Emotions with a Rational Self-Analysis 483 EXERCISE M1.4 Changing Unwanted Emotions by Changing Events 484 Destructive Ways of Dealing with Unwanted Emotions 484 EXERCISE M1.5 Changing Unwanted Emotions by Abusing Alcohol, Other Drugs, or Food 485

Assessing and Changing Dysfunctional Behavior 486

What Really Causes Psychological Changes Via Psychotherapy? 487 EXERCISE M1.6 Our Actions Are Determined by Our Thouughts 488 EXERCISE M1.7 The Key Therapeutic Change Agent 490

Using Rational Therapy in Groups 491 Summary 492 Group Exercises 492

EXERCISE A Changing Unwanted Emotions with Self-Talk 492 EXERCISE B Writing a Rational Self-Analysis 493 EXERCISE C Using Positive Affirmations 493 EXERCISE D Assessing and Changing Dysfunctional Behavior 494 EXERCISE E Improving Your Self-Concept 495

Competency Notes 495

MODULE 2 Behavior Therapy in Groups 496 Types of Learning Processes 496

Operant Conditioning 496 Respondent Conditioning 497 EXERCISE M2.1 Operant Conditioning 498 EXERCISE M2.2 Pavlovian Conditioning 499 Modeling 499 EXERCISE M2.3 Modeling 500

Theory of Behavior Therapy 500 Behavior Therapy Techniques 501 Assertiveness Training 501

Nonassertive, Aggressive, and Assertive Behaviors 502 Assertiveness Training in Groups 503

Token Economies 505 EXERCISE M2.4 Becoming Assertive 506 EXERCISE M2.5 Token Economy 508

Behavioral Contracting 509 Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques 510

EXERCISE M2.6 Contingency Contracting 511 Problem Names 513 Cognitive Distortions and Thinking Errors 514

Thought Stopping and Covert Assertion 515 Diversion Techniques 515 EXERCISE M2.7 Applying Thought Stopping and Covert Assertion 516 EXERCISE M2.8 Applying the Diversion Technique 518 Reframing 519 EXERCISE M2.9 Applying Reframing 521

Summary 523 Group Exercises 523

EXERCISE A Role-Playing Assertive Behavior 523 EXERCISE B Giving and Receiving Compliments 524 EXERCISE C Expressing Anger Constructively 525 EXERCISE D Identifying and Accepting Rights 526 EXERCISE E Behavioral Contracting 527 EXERCISE F Reframing 527

Competency Notes 527

MODULE 3 Reality Therapy in Groups 529 William Glasser 529 Choice Theory 529

Axioms of Choice Theory 531 EXERCISE M3.1 Seeking to Change Someone and Being Controlled by Someone 532 EXERCISE M3.2 The Creativity in Our Brains 536 EXERCISE M3.3 The Effects of Nagging and Preaching 537 EXERCISE M3.4 Improving an Unhappy Relationship 539 EXERCISE M3.5 Letting Go to Grudges 540 EXERCISE M3.6 Expressing Our Negative Emotions in Terms of Verbs 541 EXERCISE M3.7 Changing Our Feelings and Improving Somatic Problems 542

Principles of Reality Therapy 543 EXERCISE M3.8 A Mentally Healthy Person 545 EXERCISE M3.9 The Solving Circle 546 EXERCISE M3.10 Symptoms as a Cry for Help 547

Can Our Thoughts Alter Our Genetic Code? 548

Using Reality Therapy in Groups 548 Summary 548

Group Exercise 549 EXERCISE A Mental Illness Debate 549

Competency Notes 549

MODULE 4 Dialectical Behavior Therapy in Groups 551

Introduction and History 551 What Is Dialectical Behavior

Therapy? 553 DBT Groups 556

Mindfulness Skills 558 Emotional Regulation Skills 559 Distress Tolerance Skills 560 Interpersonal Effectiveness Skills 561 Skill Group Example 562 Behavior Chain Analysis 563

EXERCISE M4.1 Lemons to Lemonade 565 EXERCISE M4.2 Conducting a Behavior Analysis 567

Summary 569 Group Exercise 569

EXERCISE A Conducting Your Own DBT Skills Group 569 Competency Notes 572

Appendix 2 Answers to Group Exercises D–F in Chapter 6 573 Notes 575 Index 585

Contentsxiv

Preface What inspired this book? In the spring of 1983, I was teaching my first group work course to an undergraduate social work class. Before the start of the semester, I wrote a number of lectures about group dynamics and how groups are used in social work practice with socialization groups, task groups, decision-making and problem-solving groups, self-help groups, and therapy groups. At the start of the semester, I dutifully began giving these lec- tures. Soon, however, I began sensing that the lectures were not being well received.

During the third week, a student stayed after class and said, “I’m afraid this may hurt my grade, but most of the students in this class feel that you can’t teach a group work class with only lectures. The only way students will learn how to run groups is by having the experience (in class or out of class) of leading groups.” I thought about it for a few days and decided the student was exactly right. With the students’ consent, I redesigned the whole course, with the basic thrust being to have the students take turns in leading the class on group work topics that we mutually agreed upon. Because at that time there was no social work group text to facilitate this process, I attempted to write one. The first edition of this text was pub- lished in 1985.

The basic assumption of this text is that the best way for students to learn how to run groups is by leading groups in class. The classroom thus becomes a laboratory for students to practice and develop their group leadership skills. This text is designed to facilitate this laboratory approach to undergraduate and graduate group work courses.

This edition provides a number of opportunities for students to gain proficiency in social group work skills through the inclusion of numerous “skill-building” exercises in var- ious sections of each chapter. This book is a “worktext” that focuses on using skill-building exercises to facilitate student development of group leadership skills.

A major focus of this edition is to provide text content and skill-building exercises that focus on students acquiring the 9 competencies and 31 behaviors of the 2015 EPAS (Educa- tional Policy and Accreditation Standards) of the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE).

The advantage of using the exercises from this workbook is that the exercises are explicitly connected to the competencies and behaviors of 2015 EPAS. In addition, there is an assessment process in this workbook that will facilitate the evaluation of students on the extent to which they are attaining the competencies and behaviors of 2015 EPAS. The higher a student is assessed in attaining these competencies and behaviors, the more likely it is that the student is becoming a competent social worker. A table that identifies the chap- ters in the text and the practice exercises in this workbook that relate to the 31 behaviors in 2015 EPAS can be found on the inside covers of the text. (Students will progress in develop- ing the knowledge, values, skills, and cognitive and affective processes needed to become a competent social worker by conscientiously completing these exercises.)

An additional advantage of this text is that it may be used in preparing self-study doc- uments for accreditation—as documentation that the course in which Social Work with Groups is being used is covering the competencies and behaviors of 2015 EPAS. Coverage is provided with text content and with exercises.

A SELF-CARE EMPHASIS This edition of Social Work with Groups has an emphasis on self-care; that is, the impor- tance of social workers setting the highest priority in taking care of their own physical, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual well-being. Why? It is axiomatic that if social

xvi Preface

workers do not care for themselves, their ability to care for others will be sharply diminished or even depleted. The more that social workers maximize their physical, emotional, intel- lectual, social, and spiritual well-being, the more energy, knowledge, skills, cognitive, and emotional resources they will have in providing services to clients.

It is also axiomatic that the same intervention strategies that social workers learn to maximize their own physical, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual well-being are the same strategies that social workers can convey to clients so that clients can use these strategies to learn to better care for themselves and improve their well-being!

A social worker primarily works as a “change agent” (i.e., someone who facilitates positive changes) in individu- als, groups, families, organizations, and communities. Why is self-care essential in working with individuals, groups, fami- lies, organizations, and communities? A social worker who sets the highest priority on taking care of his or her physical, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual well-being learns an immense number of intervention strategies to improve his or her life. These strategies are precisely the strategies that the worker can convey to individuals, members of treatment groups, and family members, which these clients can then use to improve their lives.

A social worker who has excelled in self-care also has the critical resources (physical energy, positive mind-set, emo- tional poise, intellectual capacities, problem-solving skills, and social skills) to effectively work with organizations and communities to facilitate positive changes.

Self-care content and exercises to facilitate self-care for social work students and practicing social workers is con- tained in the following materials in this text:

Chapter 1 EXERCISE E Why I Decided to Be a Social Worker

Chapter 2 A Problem-Solving Approach The Strengths Perspective EXERCISE 2.6 Applying the Problem-Solving

Approach Knowledge, Skills, and Values Needed for Social

Work Practice EXERCISE D Social Work Value Issues EXERCISE F Genie and the Magic Lantern

Chapter 3 Guidelines for Forming and Leading a Group Relaxing Before You Start a Meeting EXERCISE A Desensitizing Fears of Leading a Group EXERCISE D Leading a Group

Chapter 4 Setting Personal and Group Goals Personal Goals

EXERCISE 4.1 Identifying Your Personal Goals Competition Versus Cooperation EXERCISE 4.4 The Effects of a Competitive Group

Member EXERCISE 4.6 Your Yielding to Group Pressure Types of Disruptive Behavior Handling Disruptive Behavior Reducing the Likelihood of Disruptive Behavior EXERCISE 4.8 Handling Disruptive Behavior of a

Group Member EXERCISE G Confrontation and I-Messages EXERCISE H Confronting and Being Confronted

by Others

Chapter 5 A Model of Communication One-Way Communication EXERCISE 5.1 The Emotional Effects of One-Way

Communication Two-Way Communication Perception EXERCISE 5.2 Using Defense Mechanisms EXERCISE 5.3 Defensive Communication Self-Disclosure The Johari Window EXERCISE 5.4 Feeling Good After Self-Disclosure EXERCISE 5.5 Johari Windows How to Communicate Effectively Listening Skills Active Listening I-Messages EXERCISE 5.6 Learning to Use I-Messages EXERCISE 5.7 Resolving Collisions of Values Collisions of Values Forms of Nonverbal Communication EXERCISE 5.8 Interpreting Nonverbal Cues Posture Body Orientation Facial Expressions Eye Contact Gestures Touching Clothing Personal Boundaries Territoriality Voice Physical Appearance EXERCISE 5.9 Reading Nonverbal Cues Environment Other Nonverbal Cues EXERCISE C Distortions in Transmitting

Information EXERCISE E Active Listening EXERCISE F My Nonverbal Communications EXERCISE G Nonverbal Cues

xvii Preface

EXERCISE I Double Messages EXERCISE J The Flat Tire EXERCISE K Communicating While Blindfolded EXERCISE L Giving and Receiving Feedback About

Nonverbal Communication EXERCISE M Zones of Personal Space

Chapter 6 Guidelines for Leading Task Groups Problem-Solving Approach

Identification and Definition Assessment of Size and Causes Development of Alternative Strategies Assessment of Strategies Selection and Implementation Evaluation

Barriers to Effective Problem Solving Techniques for Resolving Conflicts

Win-Lose Approach EXERCISE 6.2 My Tolerance for Conflicts

No-Lose Problem Solving Role Reversal

EXERCISE 6.3 Creativity Inspired by Conflict Empathy Inquiry I-Messages Disarming Stroking

EXERCISE 6.4 Disarming and Stroking Letting Go or Forgiving Mediation What If These Strategies Do Not Work?

Intergroup Conflict EXERCISE 6.5 Resolving Your Conflicts Effectively Group Versus Individual Decision Making

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