Review of article about the Virus that causes Rubeola

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This paper CANNOT be more than 400 words it is about the microbe Rubeola Virus written in an article that the average person can read. It should be a general summary of what the article contains. I will paste below. It should should include info about diseases this can cause and how it is transmitted. I also included the Government article that gives the etiology of the Virus which I will paste below. Cite all sources 1st article.

Measles Makes Your Immune System’s Memory Forget Defenses Against Other Illnesses

New research shows the virus can have devastating effects on the immune system that persist much longer than the illness itself.

A measles patient and her mother in a hospital in the Philippines, in May. Globally, most of the 100,000 people who die each year from measles are children aged 5 years or younger.Credit…Ezra Acayan/Getty Images

By Denise Grady

· Published Oct. 31, 2019Updated Nov. 18, 2019

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Measles is far more dangerous than most people realize, new research shows.

The disease itself can cause a severe and sometimes deadly illness, but two new studies published on Thursday found that even when patients recover, the virus can inflict lasting harm on their immune systems.

The weakened immunity leaves a child vulnerable for several years to other dangerous infections like flu and pneumonia. The damage occurs because the virus kills cells that make antibodies, which are crucial to fighting off infections.

Scientists call the effect “immune amnesia.” During childhood, as colds, flu, stomach bugs and other illnesses come and go, the immune system forms something akin to a memory that it uses to attack those germs if they try to invade again. The measles virus erases that memory, leaving the patient prone to catching the diseases all over again.

The findings make the need for measles vaccination even more urgent, because it protects children against much more than measles, the researchers said.

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“When parents say no to getting a measles vaccine, you’re not just taking a risk of your kid getting measles, you’re causing them to lose this amazing resource of defenses they’ve built up over the years before measles, and that puts them at risk of catching other infections,” said Dr. Michael J. Mina of the Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, the lead author of one of the new studies, published in the journal Science. “You’ve got to watch your kid’s back for a few more years.”

In fact if a person who has received vaccinations for other diseases contracts measles, it may wipe out the protection those vaccines had provided. Revaccination could help restore the child’s immunity, the researchers said.

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The second study, by a different team, was published in Science Immunology.

“This is wonderful science,” said Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease expert at Vanderbilt University, who was not involved in the research. “These are two wonderfully complementary studies that have provided a basic immunologic understanding of a phenomenon that has been recognized for a long time, mainly that measles infection causes immune suppression.”

The studies arrive at a time of heightened concern about measles, as outbreaks flare up in the United States and other developed countries where vaccines had largely eradicated the disease, but where a growing number of parents have begun to refuse vaccination. Some claim religious reasons, and some mistakenly fear a link to autism, based on research that has been discredited as fraudulent.

Globally, the measles vaccine is estimated to have saved 21 million lives between 2000 and 2017. But there are still more than 7 million cases and 100,000 deaths a year, many in developing countries where people lack access to the vaccine. Most who die are children younger than five years.

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Vaccination involves two injections, usually given when children are one year old and then four years old. The same shots (commonly referred to as MMR) include vaccines against mumps and rubella, and a newer version also protects against chickenpox.

An ongoing measles epidemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo has killed more people than that country’s current Ebola outbreak. Since January, there have been more than 203,000 measles cases and about 4,100 deaths, mostly in young children, according to Unicef.

The two new reports are based on studies of 77 children from Orthodox Protestant schools in the Netherlands who, for religious reasons, were not vaccinated. The researchers took blood samples to test their immune systems before and then about two months after they caught measles during a 2013 outbreak.

To profile each person’s past exposures to infectious disease, the authors of the Science study used VirScan, a tool that can detect antibodies to hundreds of viruses and many types of bacteria. The tool was developed by Stephen J. Elledge, the study’s senior author and a geneticist at the Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital.

Comparing the before-and-after samples, the test found that measles wiped out 11 percent to 73 percent of a child’s antibodies against an array of viruses and bacteria. Dr. Elledge called the depletions shocking, and said that the biggest drops tended to occur in children with the severest cases of measles.

Dr. Mina said that the decreases occurred because the virus killed “long-lived memory cells,” which reside in the bone marrow and can live for decades. He called the cells “precious factories” that churn out antibodies.

He and Dr. Elledge said that children could rebuild the immunity they had lost, but only by being exposed to infections again, or being vaccinated.

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They also tested babies who had been vaccinated against measles, and found no decreases in their antibody levels, even though the vaccine contains live (but weakened) viruses. The vaccine virus is somewhat different from the natural one, and does not invade the crucial antibody-making cells.

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Young Syrian refugees at a facility in Dohuk, Iraq, received polio and measles vaccines earlier this month.Credit…Byron Smith/Getty Images

To study the effects of measles infection for longer than they had in the Dutch children, the team tested four macaque monkeys before and after infecting them with measles. The animals lost 40 percent to 60 percent of their antibodies, and the loss persisted for at least five months.

The study was paid for by the Value of Vaccination Research Network, the Gates Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and several European research organizations.

The second study, led by Velislava N. Petrova from the Wellcome Sanger Institute in Britain, tested samples from 26 of the same unvaccinated children from the Netherlands. The researchers used genetic sequencing to study the immune system’s B-cells, which are involved in making antibodies. They found that key players, memory cells that had formed to fight specific diseases, went missing. Another type of B-cell was also depleted, leaving the immune system in what the scientists called an immature state.

That research was paid for by Wellcome as well as research organizations from Indonesia and Germany.

“These elegant studies provide insights into immunological deficits following measles infections that have intrigued scientists for over 100 years,” said Dr. Ian W. Lipkin, director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health.

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“I agree that the findings also enhance the strength of the argument for vaccination,” he said but added, “I don’t think it’s going to change vaccination rates, because those decisions are irrational.”

Researchers first noticed a century ago that measles seemed to suppress the immune system, but they didn’t know how. Dr. Clemens von Pirquet, an Austrian scientist, reported in 1908 that a child who’d had a positive skin test for tuberculosis — an immune reaction indicating past exposure — tested negative after contracting measles.

Dr. Mina said there were scattered reports in medical journals over the years that psoriasis, a skin disorder caused by an immune reaction, cleared up in children after a bout with measles.

He was an author of a 2015 article in Science that looked at disease patterns in several countries following measles epidemics before vaccines were developed, and found that illnesses and deaths from other infectious diseases increased for as long as five years after the outbreaks. That study suggested that the measles virus may have been linked to up to 50 percent of childhood deaths from infectious diseases, mostly illnesses other than measles itself.

“This emphasizes again what a nasty infection measles is,” Dr. Schaffner said. “We know that in and of itself it can lead to ear infections, pneumonia and encephalitis. It remains in the developing world a leading cause of death among children. This makes it clear that measles has detrimental effects beyond measles itself. If we wanted, if we needed even more reason to protect our children with measles vaccine, here’s some more information you ought to think about.”

Measle Makes Your Immune System’s Memory Forget Defenses Agains Other Illneses- THe New York Times

2nd article

Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/.

StatPearls [Internet].
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Measles

Noah P. Kondamudi; James R. Waymack.

Author Information

Authors
Noah P. Kondamudi1; James R. Waymack2.

Affiliations
1 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , The Brooklyn Hospital Center
2 Southern Illinois University

Last Update: August 10, 2020.

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Introduction

Measles, also known as rubeola, is a preventable, highly contagious, acute febrile viral illness. It remains an important cause of global mortality and morbidity, particularly in the regions of Africa and Southeast Asia.[1][2] It accounts for about 100,000 deaths annually despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Public health officials declared the elimination of measles from the U.S. in 2000, marking the absence of continuous disease transmission for one year and from the region of the Americas in 2016. However, outbreaks continue to occur through imported disease and transmission among unvaccinated groups of children in the community. Measles is a reportable disease in most nations including the United States.[3]

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Etiology

The causative organism is the measles virus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family and Morbillivirus genus. It is an enveloped, single-stranded, nonsegmented, negative-sense RNA virus. The genome encodes six structural proteins and two non-structural proteins, V and C. The structural proteins are nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix, fusion, haemagglutinin (HA), and large protein. The HA protein is responsible for virus attachment to the host cell.[4]

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Epidemiology

The epidemiology of measles is variable across the globe and is related to immunization levels achieved in a particular region. Before implementing widespread vaccination programs, measles accounted for an estimated 2.6 million deaths. Despite vaccination in the present era, The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that approximately 134,200 deaths (15 deaths/hour) occurred in 2015 due to measles. According to the CDC, there were 372 cases in 2018 and 764 cases through May of 2019. Measles is a reportable disease in most nations including the United States.

Measles virus has no animal reservoir and occurs only in humans. The virus is highly contagious with each case capable of causing 14 to 18 secondary cases among susceptible populations. Measles is transmitted from person to person by respiratory droplets, small particle aerosols, and close contact. The incubation period is 10 to 14 days although longer periods have been reported. Unvaccinated young children and pregnant women are at high risk for contracting measles, and measles most commonly affects young children. More recently, there has been a shift to older children and adolescents due to increasing levels of immunization coverage and alterations in the levels of population immunity at different ages. Young infants born to mothers with acquired immunity are protected from measles due to passive antibody transfer, but as these antibodies wane, they become susceptible. Infectiousness of a case is maximal in the four days before and four days after rash develops, which coincides with peak levels of viremia and the features of cough, conjunctivitis, and coryza.[5][6][7][8]

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Pathophysiology

The inhaled virus from the exposed droplets initially infects the respiratory tract’s lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and alveolar macrophages. It then spreads to the adjacent lymphoid tissue and disseminates throughout the bloodstream resulting in viremia and spread to distant organs. The virus residing in the dendritic cells and lymphocytes transfers itself to the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract which are shed and expelled as respiratory droplets during coughing and sneezing, infecting others and perpetuating the cycle.